Epidemiologists Analyzing Disease Frequency Essay

Epidemiologists Analyzing Disease Frequency - Essay Example Measures: Attributable proportion among total population is the appropriate measure. In the present scenario, freshman students who gained weight in a period of one year are calculated from total freshman college students. Total number of college student is the denominator. Measures: The cumulative incidence is a measure of occurrence of new cases of the disease of interest in the population. It is the proportion of individuals who, on an average, will contract the disease of interest over a specified period of time. The estimated risk (R) is a proportion between the new cases and the persons at risk. The numerator is the number of newly affected persons (A), called cases by epidemiologist, and the denominator is the size (N) of the unaffected population. R= New cases (A)/Persons at risk (N) Prevalence indicates the number of existing case of the disease of interest within a population. Specifically, the point prevalence (P) refers to the proportion of a population that has the disease of interest at a particular time, for example, on a given day. This value is estimated by dividing the number of existing affected individuals or cases (C), by the number of persons in the population (N). Prevalence (P) = Cases(C) / Number of people (P) Measures: Relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the incidence of the disease or death among those exposed and the incidence among those who are not exposed. The term 'risk ratio' is also used to refer to relative risk. RR = incidence among exposed / incidence among unexposed. In this case, the incidence is 60/1000 among those exposed and 20/1000 among those who are unexposed. Therefore, the relative risk is 60/20 = 3. This indicates that risk of death among exposed group is 3 times than that of the unexposed group. The prevalence of a health condition is the existing number of cases of that condition in the population. State whether the factors listed below are likely to increase or decrease the prevalence of a

Toys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Toys - Essay Example It is obvious that the trend in girls’ toys is to be pink and beauty related, whereas the boys’ toys are related to technology and building. It seems that toy companies nowadays make distinctions for us over which toys are suitable for girls and which for boys. However, Francis does not take into the consideration of supply and demand interaction in the market. Looking at the supply side, toy companies only produce their products that are selling in the market. Companies are the chief architects of branding, naming and choreographing the graphics that appear on the toy boxes. Children sometimes have no choice and essence their parents have to make a decision for them. Manufacturers and parents are directly responsible for the gender stereotyping experienced in the society today. It is, therefore, imperative to note that gender biased toys can be blamed both on the manufacturers and parents. In the past days, manufacturers did not take into consideration the branding style or what audience they were targeting with the toys. Everything that was in the toys represented the interests of the children of both genders. Later in the days, as Lepkowska notes, toys got different meanings altogether (Lepkowska, 1). In fact, there were some toys that were only left for the boys and the others were left for the girls. Lepkowska argues that the toys for the girls helped them manage their emotions impedance while the toys for the boys helped in improving technical skills as they advanced through the stages of adulthood. A research done to verify these claims would suggest otherwise. However, pundits have argued that the increased stereotyping by manufacturer warrants an in-depth analysis of the role of toys in gender gaps experienced in the society today (Day, 1). The manufacturers of toys are to take responsibility in the increased gender gaps with respect to their production and final delivery to the market. There are those toys that are produced that are